To this end I don't necessarily understand the distinction you make between CF and SOF. The function includes tasks associated with force projection related to gaining a positional advantage over an enemy. I believe the system works but I would like to hear your opinion. Finally, how to understand "the oppressed" in terms of our political objective. Indeed, advise/assist can be done by conventional forces. If war is the pursuit of one's political objective by other means, then soldiers and statesmen -- long before the enemy -- must know, acknowledge, plan and prepare specifically as relates to this political objective. This brings us to the paradox of the human domain. Therefore, to win by democratize the population we had to understand how to influence the masses: how to work within the human domain. I must add that many would say that Special Operations is a separate Army Warfighting Function. Certainly our formidable advantage in hardware and men will readdress this disadvantage considerably but will it boost our prospects a thousand fold? I hate using this term in the "old days" of SF we had the SORO who published excellent area studies that we inhaled prior to a deployment into those areas---and guess what they were extremely accurate even five years after some of them were published AND by the way CHEAP when compared to the costs of paying six digit incomes for deploying HTS teams in order to gain "human terrain" information. The seven warfighting functions are command and control, fires, force protection, information, intelligence, logistics, and maneuver. And, I'd add that this was the conclusion of a large group of international officers who were intent on seeking explanation and meaning- and not seeking blame. Its interesting that in your exchange with the detainee, he basically pointed out that part of the way they figured out their detonator problem was by going to open sources and specifically the example where the guy found a Facebook picture and post of a soldier on the soldier's Facebook page. The protection warfighting function enables the commander to maintain the forces integrity and combat power. Going on offense (engagement and enlargement) re: the "different" lesser and remaining states and societies. The personnel system promotes, evaluates, and selects SOF personnel for command under the same construct as the conventional force personnel. Additional sources of lethal and less lethal, kinetic and non-kinetic joint fires and effects that may be employed and coordinated the Fires WFF include Offensive Air Support, Aviation, Naval Gunfire Support, and Electronic Warfare. I agree with your assessment, the way we use technology largely replaced our use of the M1E to gain a true understanding of our operational environment, so while we have better battle field awareness on a T.V. The Pushtoon Secessionists fighting the Pak Army across the border in Pakistan are a good fit but a similar approach to Counter UW is IMO a dead loss at best and dangerously ruinous at worst. [xvii] One example of formulaic metaphor found within military doctrine is the formula for combat power. The latter way, while possibly being less expensive, emphasizes small-footprint Special Warfare more than it does Surgical Strike. It had only a marginal military impact but that was not his intent. We Westerners suffer from the belief that everyone is just like us. It always struck me a little odd in a way because it was the first time in our history where anyone literally could come in off a mission and then sit down on a computer and talk with your wife, parents, friends etc. To the average North American, the mere mention of Maya, Aztec, or Inca civilization evokes thoughts of great, flat-topped pyramids of mysterious origin, secret cities perched on remote mountaintops, and booby-trapped temples brimming with treasure-hoards of gold. Force Protection Intro To Classified Material Intel Community Directives Intro To Intelligence Last but by no means least the BCT can access the entire conventional arsenal of the US Armed Forces. [xxx] USASOC, ARSOF 2022. Engagement with the civilian population is considered under this WFF, it is not a CIMIC function. The We select, train, and equip our forces specially- and we can see the difference at our lowest levels: the team level, but then we plan, promote, organize, and educate them at higher levels largely in the same manner as the conventional forces do. The difference is that equipment is easy to count, education is not. The belief that a well informed insight into the cultural environment of a typical Afghan village would equip you to deal with an armed opponent strikes me as quite absurd. Combat Power is, in and of itself, an abstraction, but the military has given this abstraction a formula to make it more real and quantitative, theoretically taking the ambiguity out of assembling functions together for the making of war and allowing a more checklist-like approach. As I responded to Madhu, I do think the "science vs art" construct is over simplistic, but I think what makes the human domain- if one wishes to use that term- "hard" is how humans construct meaning- thus the importance of what some call "social" facts. Preferably we should take our cues from critical realism and multi-paradigmatic framing and reject the notion that the social realm should be approached using mainly the scientific method and linear logical tools and processes. Even our own COIN doctrine- which implies that that type of activity is counterproductive, cannot rescue us from the technically rational system, of which it is, ultimately, also a part of. Doing the SF legacy mission with none of the high selectivity. "Social" facts can be analyzed too, just not in the way you might analyze, say, a set of temperature readings. The Chief of Staff of the Army, General Odierno, allegedly said recently, That is what I was missing in Iraq! Were learning what their culture is so next time we come back in, they understand who we are, and we understand who they are. Its language is one of math and formulaic metaphor,[xvii] its logic is the scientific method, and its philosophy is of the Enlightenment Period. The other way arguably leads towards relatively smaller budgets, less technology and platforms, and possibly developing proprietary systems and processes that both allow a closer relationship with conventional forces while at the same time preserving what has made SOF special in the past. A warfighting function (WFF) is a group of tasks and systems united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives. All of which must be done in a lawful manner. [xxvi] The tactical level (young NCOs and officers) seems in my experience to have largely remained mission-focused and results oriented. The reason the human domain has gained importance is not because we have been missing it, it is because of the confluence of two factors that are deeply intertwined. The opposition in AF are not fit, they are poorly trained and they have clapped out gear. Logistics 6. What we in the military seem to forget is that the enemy always has a voice and especially in Iraq where the education levels are high they were a quick adapting organism whose ecosystem was built on the Darwinian principle of survival which has always been the top rule for a guerrilla force. No doubt there are many good reasons to study the local culture but it will teach you nothing about how to counter your average Taliban fighter. Why the seven warfighting functions are important: Obtain maximum impact when we harmonize all warfighting functions to accomplish the desired strategic objective in the shortest time possible and with minimum casualties, Unit 2: Basic Kinesiology and Biomechanics, Unit 1: Hypertrophy and Adaptations to Streng, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Utah Real Estate Exam Prep Practice Exam 3. I submit that art has a place in war, although many of us military types are a little uncomfortable about the word. machines to improve warfighting capability across the spectrum of military operations. These tasks are interactive and often occur simultaneously. Which of the following is the world's largest single trading entity? Maxwell said the War on Terrorism defined protection by entry control points, barriers, persistent ground surveillance system blimps, and even the technologically-advanced counter rocket, artillery. Maybe I'm just becoming cynical in my old age, but it bothers me to no end that so many great people and huge amounts national capital have been expended in basically accomplishing what? And. By this I don't mean training in TTPs or organizational and topical minutia. Today, we are going to discuss the Army Warfighting Functions. B. Thus we are left with two choices: either accept that the same conceptual tools and doctrinal concepts that we use for the physical domains can be applied with some minor tweaking to the human domain or approach with at least skepticism the idea that the physical and human domains can be understood using the same paradigms. This fundamental characteristic of the social world, characterized by tacit knowledge, is both the key to moving forward in the human domain as well as ironically the death knell of the term, the human domain. [xxi] I would assume Jean Baudrillard, from his Simulacra and Simulation (1981), would have a field day with how we have conducted Afghanistan. Trusting and empowering subordinates to act, within the commanders intent, is a force multiplier. Also let me suggest that our enemies may have a better understanding of our political objective -- and, thus, the war that we and they are embarked upon -- than do many of our leaders and soldiers. As our operations have shown us, the people we are fighting are often "outsiders" themselves who just happen to be where we are because that's where they can observe and fight us. In your case in Iraq any place where there were loads of screens. This forces SOFs into such missions as Village Stability Operations which, in effect, are designed to help separate a population from its present or traditional way of life and way of governance and to attach the population to a way of life and way of governance which is more in line with our way of thinking, our way of life and our way of governance. We in the military, in my opinion, follow the Behavioralist school of political theory as an institution- quite consciously, are unconscious Positivists in philosophical outlook- both individually and institutionally, and yet we pretend to be Rational Choice Theorists. 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SOF and those involved in the human domain are a force seeking to sense-make the world largely in an explicit way, but the world we want to operate in is instead socially constructed and filled with tacit knowledge. In some areas of Afghanistan it made perfect sense, but in other areas it did not. where there is no, as yet, defined and identifiable enemy. [i] Ana Purna gives a good description of critical realism on ehow.com (http://www.ehow.com/info_8770255_critical-realism.html): The major themes are these: A reality exists independent of human conception and perception. What doesnt influence human behavior- even if one caveats it with to the extent that success of a campaign depends on it? Francisco Pizarro, motivated by legends of treasure, captured the Inca ruler Atahualpa during their first meeting. The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Commanders use thewarfighting functionsto help them exercise command and to help them and their staffs exercise control. I think what throws everything off is that: a. The first is the more political aspects of military operations. It was the application of human nature to a military situation. We must introduce at least our SOF soldiers to the concepts of the critical realist[i] philosophy and to the practice of forming multi-paradigmatic views. Know and define one's friends and allies. [x] Of course, that does not leave too much left. Below is a reading passage followed by several multiple-choice question. We will do all of this while we continue down a path that relegates us to being little better than our conventional brethren in terms of operational and strategic prowess. Atahualpa revealed the location of the treasure to Pizarro, and Pizarro promptly executed the ruler and seized control of Cuzco, the Inca capital. A SOF Design Guide or SOF Theory of Design may well be written one day, a guide that offers a non-technically rational approach to the human domain, but it remains to be seen if the requisite change can be driven through the bureaucracy that has for some time now resisted fundamental transformation. They do not need to go to small town America to watch us they have us in their country to watch. I have even gone so far as to suggest that in knowing oneself (specifically one's political objective) one can: b. Maneuver 3. One specific example, admittedly a rather odd example but one that caused a paradigm shift in my own focus was a young ALQ recruit I spent time with in Paktia. This may include information from groups that are not the focus of military intelligence, such as allied forces, government agencies, and non-governmental organisations. What I don't like is the idea that as long as it is hard we should not try and simply leave it to others to figure out. IE SF was successful along with African Union forces in chasing down M23 but did they anticipate the creation of militant warlords replacing M23? Can you imagine the reaction of the Indian authorities if you suggested they study Pakistani Punjab village culture in order to counter a repeat of the attack on the Taj Hotel and VT. Who says that a "human domain" warfighting function would solely be the domain of SF? I would argue that we had all the understanding concerning the human factor by 2006 in literally hundreds of intelligence reports and interrogation reports---the abject failure was not on the SF side as the JSOC targeting against FF and AQI gave the CF a chance to focus their attention on the actual Sunni/Shia insurgent groups---the abject failure was the simple fact that up to even 2010 no deploying BCT fully "understood" what they were "seeing" as no one took the time inside CF to process the sheer amount of data available into a coherent training program. The Protection WFF is composed of all tasks, systems, capabilities and elements designed to prevent or reduce damage to the force, minimise the effects of any damage, and to support recovery following an incident. b. [xxii] Probably not so much the higher-than-tactical areas: attempting to codify how we communicate (and thus think and operate) about the tacit at operational and strategic levels stifles us into the same problems that codifying the tacit in the human domain creates. A warfighting culture is exactly that, it's a culture. If they really understood this stuff that well I would argue that there would be no need for us to step in. The first historically recognized terrorists, the Jewish Zealots, targeted the temple priests and wealthy elites, the people who held the power. MS 301: Training Management and the Warfighting Functions Revision Date: 31 March 2022 Lesson 20,23,26,29,32: Branch Orientation Briefings Student Handout 1 Information Briefing Sheet Cadets will prepare and present an information briefing concerning an assigned branch. Grant-----maybe Ben Z might agree with the following ---I would venture that currently in the Force the use of MDMP in it's standard form does in fact kill critical thinking as one simply goes through the rote of doing the steps not the thinking behind the why one is doing each of the steps. If our adversaries had that capability our TTPs in Afghanistan would have to rapidly and drastically change. So while our enemy understands us, I believe that we have a hard time understanding them insofar as we dont know how to defeat them. In this book Dr. Paparone explains how the military thinks institutionally and links it to the technically rational mindset. The Sublime: The Paradox of the 7th Warfighting Function, (Or why SOF cannot eat our function and have it too). It is also the means of focusing But destroying the physical tools of war does not eliminate the reasons people fight. Agree with you that a deeper problem (THE problem?) Decisions need to be made and executed quickly. We must continue to plan, synchronize, and deliver sustainment warfighting function capabilities. [iii] To best enable the forces that are engaged in this socially non-visible world, or the missions SOF call Special Warfare,[iv] it is my contention that we must discard the philosophy the military normally uses and turn towards something Curtis White calls the sublime in his book The Middle Mind: less of a faith that science and data can unlock the puzzles of humanity and more of a reliance on art. It is akin to saying "go be an ally to X against Z, but make sure X isn't the only power/influence game in town when you leave". It accomplishes this through the collective and coordinated use of kinetic and non-kinetic joint fires and effects in support of a manoeuvre plan, employing these means to delay, disrupt, or destroy enemy forces (adapted from RNZA Duties in Action). Thus, we faced a problem: design pointed to our philosophy as being the problem, but we were wedded to our philosophy. We came to two conclusions: 1- that the bureaucracy of the national security apparatus had grown so complex that it had taken on a life of its own, and emergent forces were acting without any true conscious effort and influencing things in very unconscious ways. Any Medical Service Corps (MSC) officer worth his or her salt can quickly recite the 10 medical functions: medical mission command, medical treatment, hospitalization, medical evacuation, dental. D. The World Trade Organization (WTO). "A warfighting function is a group of tasks and systems united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives. Integrate all forms of Army, joint and multinational fires. We shouldn't in my opinion be okay with the first time team guys do critical and creative thinking is on their first mission downrange. It is essential to retaining and exploiting the initiative. It borders on a religion and has been rejected by most disciplines (http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/positvsm.php). This goes back to your comments concerned SW vs what I call the glorious kick down the door mentality. I think to a certain extent things are still not too bad at the team level. In addition to having the most advanced medical and surgical techniques of the ancient Americas, the Inca constructed more than 12,00012,00012,000 miles of roadway and aqueducts to supply taxpaying and labor-contributing tribes throughout the empire. A central precept of military doctrine is the recognition that uncertainty is a fundamental characteristic of military operations . I assume.". This website uses cookies to improve your experience. It is unlikely they have ever viewed the target with their M1Es and probably never will. [xxix] This has resulted in the doctrine seeming to contradict itself. These tasks are; The purpose of the Int WFF is to know what is happening. HERE is the issue that was recently discussed with a Robert Bunker over on the SWJ El Centro site. Our culture, however (largely influenced by the same hierarchy the early advocates found fault with), refused to entertain the notion that a technically rational approach is the wrong one for complexity. Its antithesis is post-positivism, or, as many prefer to call it- especially within the military- critical realism. Using the vocabulary list for the lesson, supply the correct word to complete the sentence. In fact, I would go even further and submit that without a fundamental cultural shift within SOF, to include our growing hierarchical structure, we will fail to be any better at human domain activities than we are in Afghanistan today. Maneuver is the means by which commanders mass the effects of combat power to achieve surprise, shock, and momentum. You cannot believe how many times I tried to explain that to MNF-I in countless HUMINT reports.. What is then the difference in the use of human terrain teams say from the term human domain recently used by the ACoS? 25: More Chinese Ferry Tales: China's Use of Civilian Shipping in Military Activities, 2021-2022, Hospital Ships: A Vital Asset for SOUTHCOM and South American Navies, The Goshen Massacre and the Specter of Cartel Spillover Into the US, Dangerous Alliances: Russias Strategic Inroads in Latin America, Year Ahead Emerging Technologies and the Collection of Battlefield Evidence, How Does Matter Matter In International Conflict and Security? Understanding human domain means understanding the environment one operates in has been a true fact since the beginning of warfare not just since Iraq and AFG. He has been published in theInternational Journal,Military Review,OODA.com, and theSmall Wars Journal, in addition to contributing to chapters in two textbooks on Design Thinking. The CF and SOF officers both operate in "human domains" (can we retire this term, as it seems specious at best?) The trends within SOF, however, seem to be a growing reliance on process, bureaucracy, and metrics, all obstacles to breaking away from any institutionally-approved ways of thinking. -- as produced by the enemy -- seems to be a step ahead of our own? At worst they are used as paradigms with which our force must use when thinking about, planning for, and acting during operations. It is keeping forces supplied with, Thesustainment warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that provide support and services to ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and prolong endurance. Atahualpa offered a ransom for himself that consisted of a roomful of gold. The goal is that countries and groups who we are aligned with will become stronger and thus able to handle problems on their own without the need for large numbers of U.S. troops, which arguably get in the way of long-term progress anyway. In plain English, the 7 th WfF is all of the tasks and systems that military units would need to do or have to influence people, taking into account the "socio-economic, cognitive, and physical aspects of human activity". The CIMIC aspect of the IA WFF is composed of all systems, capabilities and elements tasked to support or otherwise engage with the non-military communities, including dedicated CIMIC units. . This is anathema to what is needed for building an SW force able to operate within the human domain, but alas we are beholden to a requirements process that is set up to facilitate the bureaucracy. Secondly critical thinking ie asking all those points you mentioned above used to be the core of a SF that was based in the world of UW or what you refer to as SW. For those that do not believe it is possible to have a drug driven insurgency vs the more common Islamist insurgencies we have been seeing for the last ten years-----Mexico is the proof of concept and it is spreading rapidly into the US. The bureaucracy loves its metrics. It seems that SOCOM doesn't have a sense of itself. Bill C---is not human domain really a substitute term for Kilcullens' "conflict ecosystem". Multi-framing would be so ingrained as to be almost unconscious: a result of intimate familiarity with how humans make sense of their world through socially-constructed metaphors. This handout contains the following: I. A warfighting function is a group of tasks and systems (people, organizations, information, and processes) united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives. BUT- if the unconscious strategy was to keep the money flow going- then it made perfect sense. Entire tribes vanished as smallpox, scarlet fever, and influenza decimated the native population of the Americas. Since the Cold War and especially since 9/11, the Army has stayed very large and SOF has grown even more. [ii] It is the difference between operating within the physically visible world and the socially non-visible one. Grant---here goes the first response based on this para; "The Chief of Staff of the Army, General Odierno, allegedly said recently, That is what I was missing in Iraq! That is, we in the Army believe, like the Political Scientist David Easton, "that in order for [military] science to become scientifically mature, it need[s] to internalize scientific principles and methods and focus on the empirically observable behavior of political actors.". 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