Physical land covers all the earth including land surface, sub-surface, under water and super surface (atmosphere). It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. Speaking during an interview with Punch, the state Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Kehinde Bamigbetan said that the Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA report on the project had taken care of future negative impact on the environment, adding that the Lagos state government, as a responsible government, carried out comprehensive EIA before embarking on massive land reclamation going on in the coastal areas of the state. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. This means that those living on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of land bordering their respective locations. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. This occurs during off-shore drilling in mangrove swamps. Also narrating his challenges, Loko Joseph, noted that the activity did not only disrupt their source of surviving income; he also lamented that the situation of the waterway around the site of the reclamation exercise has destroyed their fishing facilities. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. Areas close to the shore are also sand filled to connect bridges. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. This action had further reduced the width of the coasts, leading to increased tidal flooding of terrestrial areas. Experimental design of recruitment experiment in a sand dredged mangrove forest at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. Historically, reclamation meant irrigation projects that brought wetlands and deserts (considered useless wastelands) into agricultural production. Simplicity and transparency. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. roads, buildings, industries and parks. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. Sand mining is a thriving business in this area, which is done without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. The results of the physico-chemical analysis and the species abundance test were derived as shown in Figure 9. But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. On the Eko Atlantic project, the Managing Director of South Energyx Ltd., David Frame said that the project has been fortified with a wall known as The Great Wall of Lagos, adding that the wall has the capability to ward off flood storms in hundreds/thousand years. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. However, in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [1]. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. Minna. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. The next kind of management is human management [19]. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. The plants growing on the sand fill area are between 0.5m and 1.0m tall. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. This situation thus necessitated the reclamation of coastal areas to create more space for human habitation. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). This method is suitable for granular fill. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. Coastal sites are preferred by land speculators because they usually off-city limits and isolated from the rest of the population. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. 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